and ongoing challenges in sustainability, biodiversity, and housing. The country maintains political stability, a technologically advanced economy, and a commitment to climate neutrality by 2050.
Introduction
Ireland is a democratic republic in Western Europe, occupying most of the island of Ireland. It is known for rapid economic development, a young population, and strong integration with the EU. In 2025, Ireland continues to balance economic growth with environmental and housing pressures.
Geography
Ireland covers ~70,280 km², sharing a land border with the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and featuring 1,448 km of coastline. Its landscape includes fertile plains, low mountains, and extensive agricultural land.
People and Society
Ireland’s population reached 5.458 million in April 2025, driven by natural increase and migration. The society remains relatively young, with 18.6% under 15 and 15.8% over 65 (2024 data). Major religions include Roman Catholicism (68.3%) and a growing non‑religious segment (15.4%). Life expectancy stands at 80.3 years for men and 83.9 for women.
Government
Ireland is a democratic republic with a bicameral parliament (Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann).
- Head of State: Catherine Connolly (since Nov 2025)
- Prime Minister (Taoiseach): Simon Harris (since April 2024) The governing coalition includes Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil, and the Green Party.
Population (2025 Snapshot)
- Total: 5,458,600 (April 2025)
- Annual increase: +78,300
- Migration rate: 5.6‰ (2024)
- Foreign residents: ~13% (EU + non‑EU combined, 2021 data)
Economy
Ireland’s economy remains strong, driven by pharmaceuticals, technology, and exports.
- GDP (2024): €562.8 billion
- GDP growth: 2.6% (2024)
- Inflation (late 2025): 2.7%
- Unemployment: 5.9% (Oct 2025)
- Record exports (Mar 2025): €38 billion, with €23.5 billion from medical/pharma products Housing prices rose 7.3% in the year to Oct 2025.
Energy
Ireland is rapidly expanding renewable electricity generation but remains short of its 2030 emissions‑reduction trajectory.
- Air quality is among Europe’s best.
- GHG emissions fell below 1990 levels for the first time in 2023 but remain insufficient for long‑term targets.
- Energy consumption and renewable share require accelerated progress.
Communications
Ireland has a modern communications infrastructure with widespread broadband and mobile coverage, supported by its strong tech sector. (General profile from World Factbook structure.)
Transportation
Ireland’s transport system includes extensive road networks, rail links, and major ports. In 2025, 57% of new private cars licensed were electric, plug‑in hybrid, or hybrid—indicating a rapid shift toward low‑emission mobility.
Military and Security
Ireland maintains a policy of military neutrality and operates modest defense forces focused on peacekeeping, domestic security, and international cooperation.
Travel Advice (General)
Travelers can expect a safe, stable environment with high‑quality infrastructure. Ireland’s air quality is excellent, but visitors should be aware of variable weather and higher‑than‑average prices in major cities. (Based on environmental and economic data.)
Expected Trends for 2026
Based on 2025 indicators:
- Population will continue rising, projected above 5.36 million in 2026.
- Economy likely to remain strong, with continued growth in tech and pharmaceuticals.
- Housing pressures may persist due to rising prices and demand.
- Energy transition will accelerate but still require major structural changes.
- Transport electrification expected to expand further. (Trends inferred from 2025 data and 2026 projections.)
